The ecology of Botswana was new to me and the guides with their extensive knowledge (really the equivalent of a PhD in many cases) and field experience were always helpful at putting the pieces together. Elephants rub the trees, apparently to mark territory, scratch themselves and to knock fruit downs, with the result that many of the trees either die or end up with dead upper branches. These then form the perfect perches for birds, including the all-important, large predators, as well as a host of other creatures and plants. The dead trees remain upright for a long time and then, after they fall, become another part of a wonderful puzzle.
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